BASIC COMPUTER | Basic Computer Concepts Bits

Basic Computer Bits

1. Charles Babbage is the father of computer.
2. Ada Lovelace is the mother of computer.
3. Computer is an electronic device with storage capacity and will give accurate values.
4. ABACUS was invented by Chinese and Developed by Greeks.
5. In 17th Century "John Napier" made a log table
6. The first mechanical calculator was invented by "PASCAL"
7. ENIAC  is the name of the first computer.
8. ENIAC - ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER.
9. The main component use in the first generation computer was vacuum tube.
10. Second Generation - Transistor
11. Third Generation - Circuits
12. Fourth Generation - Large Scale Integrated Circuits
13. Fifth Generation - Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
14. Data - Collection of words
15. Instruction - Collection of data
16. Program - Collection of Instructions
17. Data storage Memory is used to  measure by  bytes
18. 4 bits  =  1 Nibble
19. 8 Bits = 1 Byte
20. 1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilobyte)
21. 1024 KB = 1 MB(Megabyte)
22. 1024 MB = 1 GB(Gigabyte)
23. 1024 GB = 1 TB(Terabyte)
24. One Character is equal to 1 Byte
25. Hardware:- The physical components of the computers are known as Hardware. E.g: Keyboard
26. Software:- Collection of programmes is known as software. E.g: Ms word, excel, power etc.
27. Interpreters:- In translators the programmed is line by line and show the error by one by one.
28. Cursor:- Cursor is the blinking object on the monitor
29. Three Main Devices are Input, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Output.
30. Input:- Whatever instructions given to the computer is known as Input. E.g: Keyboard, Mouse
31. Output:- Whatever we receive from the computer is called Output. E.g: Printer, Monitor Screen
32. CPU:- It acts as the brain of the computer. It consists of three parts. They are as follows are Control Unit (CU), Memory Unit (MU), Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU).
33. Heart of the Computer  -  CPU
34. Brain of the Computer - MU
35. Control Unit (CU):- This unit controls the whole instructions given to the computer.
36. Memory Unit (MU):-  It stores required data. We can receive this data at anytime.
37. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU):- This unit handles arithmetic and logical operations.
38. Memories:- There are two types of memories: 1. Primary memory  2. Secondary memory.
39. Primary memory:- Any instructions given to the system first stored in primary memory. Again this memory is further divided into 5 different types:-
1. RAM - Random Access Memory
2. ROM - Read Only Memory
3. PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
4. EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
5. EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
40. Secondary Memory:- In this type of memory device extra information is stored in secondary storage devices. like Magnetic tapes, Magnetic disk
41. Magnetic tapes:- It is one of the most popular storage mediums for large amount of data, which is sequentially accessed and processed.
42. Magnetic disk:- It is thin circular metal plate, coated both sides with magnetic material, Each disc have a number of tracks, these are further divided into sectors.
43. Floppy disc is further divided into sectors and tracks
44. CD-ROM stands for Compact disc Read Only Memory
45. 5 1/4 Floppy memory storage size  =  1.2 MB
46. 3 1/2 Floppy memory storage size  =   1.44 MB 
47. 1.44 MB memory is  divided into 80 tracks and 18 sectors
48. CD-ROM 700 MB Disc memory is in safe memory of 640 MB
49. Three Types of Computers:- They are 
1. Analog Computers :-These are continuously varying electric Voltage. This type of computers is used in Airlines.
2. Digital Computers:- Digital computers will have two codes. They are 0 and 1 binary codes. It will give any instruction to computer that will be converted into these binary codes. Banking and Educational System will use this type of systems.
3. Hybrid Computers:- Combination of Digital and Analog Computers
50. Modem:- This device will convert Analog signals to Digital  and Digital to Analog signals.
51. Four Classification of Computers:- They are 
1. Micro Computers:- In which ALU and CU are arragned in single microchip.
2. Mini Computers:- Thse computers are II Generation. This can be used for business.
3. Mainframe Computers:- Mainframe computers are very large computers with more storage capacity. They are used in Govt. Offices.
4. Super Computers:- These are having great processing power and very large storage capacity. now a days we are using these computers.
52. Three Types of Languages:- They are
1. Machine Language:- This is the lowest level language. Each instruction consists of binary codes 0's and 1's. There is an instruction for every machine operation.
2. Assembly Language:- This is the symbolic language used for programming which must go through assembly.
3. High level Language:- High level language will allow writing in notation form. The most commonly used languages are BASIC, COBOL and PASCAL.
53. Compiler:- The programme that converts the instruction into machine code and stores in secondary storage device. The machine code that is produced by computer is also known as object code. E.g:- COBOL, PASCAL, C Language and C++ etc.
54. MSDOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System
55. Booting:- To start the computer and to accept the commands is called booting.
56. Cold Booting:- To switch on the computer is known as cold booting
57. Warm Booting:-  Pressing Reset Button is known as warm booting. This is done when system will struck-up. 
58. (Ctrl+Alt+Del  - Restart )
59. Wild card characters:- 1) Asterisk(*) 2) Question Mark (?)
1. Asterick(*): It is used for set of characters.
2. Question mark(?):- Used for single character.
60. Dbase:- It uses a data of based structured language.
61. SQL - Structured Query Language
62. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
63. XML - Extensible Markup Language
64. IBG - Inter Block Gap
65. OCR - Optical Character Reader
66. OMR - Optical Mark Reader
67. BIOS - Basic Input Output System
68. MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Reader
69. COMS - Complimentary Oxide Metal Semi-sector
70. SMPS - Switch Mode Power Supply
71. PCI -  Peripheral Serial Bus
72. RISC - Reduced Instructions Set Computer
73. UPS - Uninterrupted Power Supply
74. USB - Universal Serial Bus
75. SCSI - Small Computer System interface
76. MDA - Monochrome Display Adaptor
77. VGA - Video Graphic Array
78. CGA - Color Graphic Array
79. EGA - Exchage Graphic Array
80. SVGA - Super Video Graphic Array
81. XGA - Extended Graphic Array
82. ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange